Maternal health risk remains a significant global public health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, n.d.), approximately 287,000 women die in 2020 from complications related to pregnancy and childbirth, most of which are preventable. Maternal health risks arise from a combination of medical, socioeconomic, and environmental factors that influence both the mother’s and the newborn’s well-being. Conditions such as preeclampsia, hemorrhage, infection, and obstructed labor contribute to a large proportion of maternal deaths. Furthermore, limited access to quality antenatal care, skilled birth attendants, and timely emergency obstetric services increases the vulnerability of pregnant women. Understanding the interplay between biological factors, healthcare access, and social determinants is crucial to reducing maternal morbidity and mortality and achieving safer motherhood globally.
